
Wasps and Frogs Evolve Bradykinin-Like Peptides Independently to Deter Predators
Researchers at The University of Queensland have uncovered how wasps and frogs produce bradykinin-like peptides that evolved separately from vertebrate versions to trigger pain in predators. These 'evolutionary doppelgängers' derive from toxin genes, overturning decades of scientific assumptions. This discovery highlights convergent evolution in animal defenses.






