A recent real-world study indicates that GLP-1 therapies, such as semaglutide and tirzepatide, provide similar glycemic control but better weight management benefits compared to metformin in adolescents newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.
In a study featured in the
Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, researchers assessed the effectiveness of metformin versus GLP-1-based treatments, including GLP-1 receptor agonists and the dual GIP/GLP-1 agonist tirzepatide, in young individuals recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
Challenges in Treating Youth-Onset T2D
Youth-onset T2D is known for its rapid progression and the early development of complications in adulthood. Although metformin is typically the first treatment for newly diagnosed pediatric patients, it has limited impact on weight loss and glycemic control durability, despite effectively lowering glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). GLP-1-based therapies, already advised for adults, are gaining popularity in younger populations because of their ability to reduce both glucose levels and weight. Health tracking apps like
Shotlee can help monitor these metrics.
Exploring High-Potency GLP-1 Therapies
Several GLP-1 receptor agonists have been approved for pediatric T2D and are recommended as supplementary treatments to metformin. However, standard pediatric doses provide only modest weight benefits. This has led to investigations into more potent GLP-1RAs and monotherapy approaches, including dual incretin agents like tirzepatide, to determine if stronger metabolic effects are achievable in this age group.
Study Design and Participant Details
This retrospective, real-world study involved data collected from electronic medical records at an urban pediatric hospital. Participants included youth with newly diagnosed T2D who were treated with GLP-1RA or metformin alone between January 2022 and March 2024. Exclusion criteria encompassed initial treatment with combination therapy or insulin, and diabetes resulting from other factors.
Data collected included demographics, diabetes duration, BMI, HbA1c, BMI z-scores, medication details (type and dose), and any adverse effects. All participants had public insurance. The main outcomes measured were monthly changes in HbA1c and BMI percentage within the first year after diagnosis, with secondary outcomes evaluating median changes in HbA1c, BMI, and z-scores.
Participant Demographics and Treatment Profiles
The study included 125 youth (median age 14.83 years), with 113 receiving metformin and 12 receiving GLP-1RA therapy. The GLP-1RA group was primarily female (83%) compared to 51% in the metformin group, and fewer participants identified as Latino (41.7% vs 69.9%). Semaglutide 1 mg was the most frequently prescribed GLP-1RA (33%), followed by tirzepatide 7.5 mg (25%). The use of higher-potency formulations (semaglutide up to 2.4 mg and tirzepatide) might explain the more pronounced weight effects compared to pediatric trials using lower doses. Seven GLP-1RA recipients reported gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and constipation.
Glycemic and Weight Outcomes
Initial HbA1c levels were similar between the groups. Follow-up unadjusted analyses indicated lower HbA1c in the GLP-1RA group (36 vs 44 mmol/mol, p = 0.03), but adjusted models did not show statistically significant monthly HbA1c changes (β -1.1, p = 0.308). Median HbA1c decreased by 8.7 mmol/mol with metformin and 14.2 mmol/mol with GLP-1RA therapy.
In terms of weight outcomes, GLP-1RA recipients showed greater BMI reduction (-0.43 kg/m² per month) compared to metformin (-0.01 kg/m² per month). Adjusted regression analysis revealed about a 1% additional monthly BMI reduction with GLP-1 therapy (β = -1.08%, p = 0.001). The final BMI percentage reduction was -5.1% for GLP-1RA and -0.59% for metformin, with corresponding z-score decreases of -0.02 and -0.01, respectively.
Efficacy and Safety Considerations
By the end of the study, 83% of GLP-1RA users and 67% of metformin users had achieved the target HbA1c of 48 mmol/mol. While glycemic control was similar, GLP-1RA therapy provided better weight reduction benefits. Adverse events were limited to gastrointestinal issues, which aligns with the known pharmacological effects of GLP-1. However, the small size of the GLP-1RA sample limits the ability to generalize these findings, and initial BMI differences may have impacted the observed outcomes.
Study Limitations and Future Research
The interpretation of these results is limited by the small GLP-1RA group (n = 12), baseline differences in BMI and sex, the single-center retrospective design, incomplete autoantibody testing, and a median follow-up of around eight months. To confirm comparative effects on HbA1c sustainability, beta-cell preservation, and insulin sensitivity, larger, multicenter trials with balanced groups and longer follow-up periods are needed.
